Cleveland Indians
| Cleveland Indians | |||
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| Established | 1894 | ||
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| Retired numbers | 3, 5, 14, 18, 19, 21, 42, 455 | ||
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(*Played only night and weekend games here from 1934 until 1946) |
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| Major league titles | |||
| World Series titles (2) | 1920 • 1948 | ||
| AL Pennants (5) | 1920 • 1948 • 1954 • 1995 • 1997 | ||
| Central Division titles (7) [1] | 1995 • 1996 • 1997 • 1998 • 1999 2001 • 2007 |
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| Wild card berths (0) | None | ||
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[1] - In 1994, a players' strike wiped out the last eight weeks of the season and all post-season. Cleveland was one game out of first place in the Central Division behind Chicago when play was stopped. No official titles were awarded in 1994. |
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| Owner(s): Larry Dolan | |||
| Manager: Manny Acta | |||
| General Manager: Mark Shapiro | |||
The Cleveland Indians are a professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. They are in the Central Division of Major League Baseball's American League. Since 1994, they have played in Progressive Field (formerly Jacobs Field). The team's spring training facility is in Goodyear, Arizona.[1] Since their establishment as a Major League franchise in 1901, the Indians have won two World Series championships, in 1920 and 1948. The Indians' drought of 62 years since their last Championship is now the longest in the American League, and second only to that of the Chicago Cubs in all of MLB.
The "Indians" name originates from a request by the club owner to decide on a new name, following the 1914 season. In reference to the Boston Braves (now the Atlanta Braves), the media chose "the Indians". They are nicknamed "the Tribe" and "the Wahoos". The latter is a reference to the mascot which appears in the team's logos, Chief Wahoo.
The Cleveland team originated in 1900 as the Lake Shores, when the American League (AL) was officially a minor league. One of the AL's eight charter franchises, the major league incarnation of the club was founded in Cleveland in 1901. Originally called the Cleveland Blues, the team played in League Park until moving permanently to Cleveland Municipal Stadium in 1946. At the end of the 2009 season, they had a regular season franchise record of 8,622–8,274 (.510). The Indians have won seven AL Central titles, the most in the division.
Franchise history
Cleveland baseball prior to the Indians
During the 1869 season, Cleveland was among several cities which established professional baseball teams following the success of the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team. In the newspapers before and after 1870, the team was often called the Forest Citys, in the same generic way that the team from Chicago was sometimes called The Chicagos.
In 1871 the Forest Citys joined the new National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NA), the first professional league. Ultimately, two of the league's western clubs went out of business during the first season and the Chicago Fire left that city's White Stockings impoverished, unable to field a team again until 1874. Cleveland was thus the NA's westernmost outpost in 1872, the year the club folded. Cleveland played their full schedule to July 19 followed by two games versus Boston in mid-August and disbanded at the end of the season.[2]
In 1876, the National League (NL) supplanted the NA as the major professional league. Cleveland was not among its charter members, but by 1879 the league was looking for new entries and the city gained an NL team. The Cleveland Blues had a mediocre record for six seasons and were ruined by a trade war with the Union Association (UA) in 1884, when its three best players (Fred Dunlap, Jack Glasscock, and Jim McCormick) jumped to the UA after being offered higher salaries. The St Louis UA team replaced Cleveland in the NA in 1885.
Cleveland went without major league baseball for two seasons until gaining a team in the American Association (AA) in 1887. After the AA's Allegheny club jumped to the NL Cleveland followed suit in 1889, as the AA began to crumble. The Cleveland ballclub, nicknamed the Spiders (supposedly inspired by their "skinny and spindly" players) slowly became a power in the league.[3]
The Spiders survived a challenge for fans from the Cleveland Infants, an entry in the one-season Players' League in 1890. The next year the Spiders moved into League Park, which would serve as the home of Cleveland professional baseball for the next 55 years. Led by native Ohioan Cy Young, the Spiders became a contender in the mid-1890s, when they played in the Temple Cup Series (that era's World Series) twice, winning it in 1895. The team began to fade after this success, and was dealt a severe blow under the ownership of the Robison brothers.
The Robisons, despite already owning the Spiders, were allowed to acquire a controlling interest in the St. Louis Cardinals franchise in 1899. They proceeded to strip the Cleveland team of its best players (including Young) to help fill the St. Louis roster. The St. Louis team improved to finish with a winning record. The Spiders were left with essentially a minor league lineup, and began to lose games at a record pace. Drawing almost no fans at home, they ended up playing most of their season on the road, and became known as "The Wanderers."[4] The team ended the season in 12th place, 84 games out of first place, with an all-time worst record of 20 wins and 134 losses.[5] Following the 1899 season, the National League disbanded four teams, including the Cleveland franchise. The disastrous 1899 season would actually be a step toward a new future for Cleveland fans the next year.
1901–1946: Early to middle history of the franchise
Seeking to capitalize on general public disillusionment with the National League, Ban Johnson changed the name of his minor league, the Western League, to the American League and shifted the WL's Grand Rapids club to Cleveland, taking over League Park in 1900 as the Cleveland Lake Shores.[6] Although still a minor league, the new organization was ready to make its move. In 1901 the American League broke with the National Agreement and declared itself a competing Major League. The Cleveland franchise was among its eight charter members.
The new team was owned by coal magnate Charles Somers and tailor Jack Kilfoyl. Somers, a wealthy industrialist and also co-owner of the Boston Americans, lent money to other team owners, including Connie Mack's Philadelphia Athletics, to keep them and the new league afloat. For its first season as a major league team, it was nicknamed the "Bluebirds," but the players didn't think the nickname was suitable for a baseball team.[7] Writers frequently shortened it to "Blues" due to the players' all-blue uniforms,[8] but the players didn't like this name either. They tried to change the name themselves to "Bronchos," but this name never caught on.[7]
The Blues suffered from financial problems in their first two seasons. This led Somers to seriously consider moving to either Pittsburgh or Cincinnati. Relief came in 1902 as a result of the conflict between the National and American Leagues. In 1901, Napoleon "Nap" Lajoie, the Philadelphia Phillies' star second baseman, jumped to the A's after his contract was capped at $2,400 per year—one of the highest-profile players to jump to the upstart AL. The Phillies subsequently filed an injunction to force Lajoie's return, which was granted by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The injunction appeared to doom any hopes of an early settlement between the warring leagues. However, a lawyer discovered that the injunction was only enforceable in the state of Pennsylvania.[7]
Mack, partly to thank Somers for his past financial support, agreed to trade Lajoie to the then-moribund Blues, who offered $25,000 salary over three years.[9] Due to the injunction, however, Lajoie had to sit out any games played against the A's in Philadelphia.[10] Lajoie arrived in Cleveland on June 4 and was an immediate hit, drawing 10,000 fans to League Park. Soon afterward, he was named team captain, and the team was renamed the "Naps" after a newspaper conducted a write-in contest.[7]
Lajoie was named manager in 1905, and the team's fortunes improved somewhat. They finished half a game short of the pennant in 1908.[11] However, the success did not last and Lajoie resigned during the 1909 season as manager but remained on as a player.[12]
After that, the team began to unravel, leading Kilfoyl to sell his share of the team to Somers. Cy Young who returned to Cleveland in 1909, was ineffective for most of his three remaining years[13] and Addie Joss died from tubercular meningitis prior to the 1910 season.[14]
Despite a strong lineup anchored by the potent Lajoie and Shoeless Joe Jackson, poor pitching kept the team below third place for most of the next decade. One reporter referred to the team as the Napkins, "because they fold up so easily" while others called them the "Molly McGuires" as a play on their manager's name, Deacon McGuire.[15] The team hit bottom in 1914 and 1915, finishing in the cellar both years.[16][17]
1915 brought significant changes to the team. Lajoie, nearly 40 years old was no longer a top hitter in the league, batting only .258 in 1914. With Lajoie engaged in a feud with manager Joe Birmingham, the team sold Lajoie back to Philadelphia.[18]
With Lajoie gone, the Naps now needed a new nickname. Somers asked the local newspapers to come up with a new name, and they chose "Indians".[19] Legend has it that the team honored Louis Sockalexis when it assumed its current name in 1915. Sockalexis, a Native American, had played in Cleveland 1897–99. Research indicates that this legend is mostly untrue, and that the new name was a play on the name of the Boston Braves, then known as the "Miracle Braves" after going from last place on July 4 to a sweep in the 1914 World Series. Proponents of the name acknowledged that the Cleveland Spiders of the National League had sometimes been informally called the "Indians" during Sockalexis' short career there, a fact which merely reinforced the new name.[20]
At the same time, Somers' business ventures began to fail, leaving him deeply in debt. With the Indians playing poorly, attendance and revenue suffered.[21] Somers decided to trade Jackson midway through the 1915 season for two players and $31,500, one of the largest sums paid for a player at the time.[22]
By 1916, Somers was at the end of his tether and sold the team to a syndicate headed by Chicago railroad contractor James C. "Sunny Jim" Dunn.[21] Manager Lee Fohl, who had taken over in early 1915, acquired two minor league pitchers, Stan Coveleski and Jim Bagby and traded for center fielder Tris Speaker, who was engaged in a salary dispute with the Red Sox.[23] All three would ultimately become key players in bringing a championship to Cleveland.
Speaker took over the reins as player-manager in 1919, and would lead the team to a championship in 1920. On August 16, the Indians were playing the Yankees at the Polo Grounds in New York. Shortstop Ray Chapman, who often crowded the plate, was batting against Carl Mays, who had an unusual underhand delivery. It was also late in the afternoon and the infield would have been in shadow with the center field area (the batters' background) bathed in sunlight. As well, at the time, "part of every pitcher's job was to dirty up a new ball the moment it was thrown onto the field. By turns, they smeared it with dirt, licorice, tobacco juice; it was deliberately scuffed, sandpapered, scarred, cut, even spiked. The result was a misshapen, earth-colored ball that traveled through the air erratically, tended to soften in the later innings, and as it came over the plate, was very hard to see."[24]
In any case, Chapman did not move reflexively when Mays' pitch came his way. The pitch hit Chapman in the head, fracturing his skull. Chapman died the next day, becoming the only player to sustain a fatal injury from a pitched ball.[25] The Indians, who at the time were locked in a tight three-way pennant race with the Yankees and White Sox,[26] were not slowed down by the death of their teammate. Rookie Joe Sewell hit .329 after replacing Chapman in the lineup.[27]
In September 1920, the Black Sox Scandal came to a boil. With just a few games left in the season, and Cleveland and Chicago neck-and-neck for first place at 94–54 and 95–56 respectively,[28][29] the Chicago owner suspended eight players. The White Sox lost 2 of 3 in their final series, while Cleveland won 4 and lost 2 in their final two series. Cleveland finished 2 games ahead of Chicago and 3 games ahead of the Yankees to win its first pennant, led by Speaker's .388 hitting, Jim Bagby's 30 victories and solid performances from Steve O'Neill and Stan Coveleski. Cleveland went on to defeat the Brooklyn Robins 5–2 in the World Series for their first title, winning four games in a row after the Robins took a 2–1 Series lead. The Series included three memorable "firsts", all of them in Game 5 at Cleveland, and all by the home team. In the first inning, right fielder Elmer Smith hit the first Series grand slam. In the fourth inning, Jim Bagby hit the first Series home run by a pitcher. And in the top of the fifth inning, second baseman Bill Wambsganss executed the first (and only, so far) unassisted triple play in World Series history, in fact the only Series triple play of any kind.
The team would not reach the heights of 1920 again for 28 years. Speaker and Coveleski were aging and the Yankees were rising with a new weapon: Babe Ruth and the home run. They managed two second-place finishes but spent much of the decade in the cellar. In 1927 Dunn's widow, Mrs. George Pross (Dunn had died in 1922), sold the team to a syndicate headed by Alva Bradley.
The Indians were a middling team by the 1930s, finishing third or fourth most years. 1936 brought Cleveland a new superstar in 17-year old pitcher Bob Feller, who came from Iowa with a dominating fastball. That season, Feller set a record with 17 strikeouts in a single game and went on to lead the league in strikeouts from 1938–1941. According to Fundamentals of Physics ( 4 ed., Wiley, 1993 ), by David Halliday, Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker, on page 30, Chapter Two, " Motion along a Straight Line ", Joe Sprinz, at the time in question, a member of the San Francisco Seals, and formerly of the Indians, attempted to beat the World Record for catching a baseball dropped from a great height, set by members of the 1938 Cleveland Indians, who had done so at 700 feet, with balls dropped from a building. On a day in 1939, Sprinz had a blimp hover overhead at 800 feet, from which were to be dropped balls for him to catch. On his fifth attempt, a baseball entered his glove at what could be estimated to be up to 154 mph. It slammed his glove hand into his face with such force, that he broke his upper jaw in twelve places, fractured five of his teeth, and was rendered unconscious. He also dropped the ball. By 1940, Feller, along with Ken Keltner, Mel Harder and Lou Boudreau led the Indians to within one game of the pennant. However, the team was wracked with dissension, with some players (including Feller and Mel Harder) going so far as to request that Bradley fire manager Ossie Vitt. Reporters lampooned them as the Cleveland Crybabies.[30] Feller, who had pitched a no-hitter to open the season and won 27 games, lost the final game of the season to unknown pitcher Floyd Giebell of the Detroit Tigers. The Tigers won the pennant and Giebell never won another major league game.[31]
Cleveland entered 1941 with a young team and a new manager; Roger Peckinpaugh had replaced the despised Vitt; but the team regressed, finishing in fourth. Cleveland would soon be depleted of two stars. Hal Trosky retired in 1941 due to migraine headaches[32] and Bob Feller enlisted in the Navy two days after the Attack on Pearl Harbor. Starting third baseman Ken Keltner and outfielder Ray Mack were both drafted in 1945 taking two more starters out of the lineup.[33]
1947–1959
In 1946 Bill Veeck formed an investment group that purchased the Cleveland Indians from Bradley's group for a reported $1.6 million.[34] Among the investors was Bob Hope, who had grown up in Cleveland, and former Tigers slugger, Hank Greenberg.[35] A former owner of a minor league franchise in Milwaukee, Veeck brought to Cleveland a gift for promotion. At one point, Veeck hired rubber-faced[36] Max Patkin, the "Clown Prince of Baseball" as a coach. Patkin's appearance in the coaching box was the sort of promotional stunt that delighted fans but infuriated the American League front office.
Recognizing that he had acquired a solid team, Veeck soon abandoned the aging, small and lightless League Park to take up full-time residence in massive Cleveland Municipal Stadium.[37] Prior to 1947 the Indians played most of their games at League Park, and occasionally played weekend games at Cleveland Municipal Stadium. League Park was demolished in 1951, although a portion of the original ticket booth remains.[38]
Making the most of the cavernous stadium, Veeck had a portable center field fence installed, which he could move in or out depending on how the distance favored the Indians against their opponents in a given series. The fence moved as much as 15 feet (5 m) between series opponents. Following the 1947 season, the American League countered with a rule change that fixed the distance of an outfield wall for the duration of a season. The massive stadium did, however, permit the Indians to set the then record for the largest crowd to see a Major League baseball game. On October 10, 1948, Game 5 of the World Series against the Boston Braves drew over 84,000. The record stood until the Los Angeles Dodgers drew a crowd in excess of 92,500 to watch Game 5 of the 1959 World Series at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum against the Chicago White Sox.
Under Veeck's leadership, one of Cleveland's most significant achievements was breaking the color barrier in the American League by signing Larry Doby, formerly a player for the Negro League's Newark Eagles in 1947, eleven weeks after Jackie Robinson signed with the Dodgers.[37] Similar to Robinson, Doby battled racism on and off the field but posted a .301 batting average in 1948, his first full season. A power-hitting center fielder, Doby led the American League twice in homers.
In 1948, needing pitching for the stretch run of the pennant race, Veeck turned to the Negro League again and signed pitching great Satchel Paige amid much controversy.[37] Barred from Major League Baseball during his prime, Veeck's signing of the aging star in 1948 was viewed by many as another publicity stunt. At an official age of 42, Paige became the oldest rookie in Major League baseball history, and the first black pitcher. Paige soon proved he could still pitch and ended the year with a 6–1 record with a 2.48 ERA, 45 strikeouts and two shutouts.[39]
In 1948, veterans Boudreau, Keltner, and Joe Gordon had career offensive seasons, while newcomers Larry Doby and Gene Bearden also had standout seasons. The team went down to the wire with the Boston Red Sox, winning a one-game playoff, the first in American League history, to go to the World Series. In the series, the Indians defeated the Boston Braves four games to two for their first championship in 28 years. Boudreau won the American League MVP Award.
The Indians would appear in a film the following year titled The Kid From Cleveland, in which Veeck had an interest.[37] The film portrayed the team helping out a "troubled teenaged fan"[40] and featured many members of the Indians organization. However, filming during the season cost the players valuable rest days leading to fatigue towards the end of the season.[37] That season, Cleveland again contended before falling to third place. On September 23, 1949, Bill Veeck and the Indians buried their 1948 pennant in center field the day after they were mathematically eliminated from the pennant race.[37]
Later in 1949, Veeck's first wife (who had a half-stake in Veeck's share of the team) divorced him. With most of his money tied up in the Indians, Veeck was forced to sell the team[41] to a syndicate headed by insurance magnate Ellis Ryan. Ryan was forced out in 1953 in favor of Myron Wilson, who in turn gave way to William Daley in 1956. Despite this turnover in the ownership, a powerhouse team composed of Feller, Doby, Minnie Miñoso, Luke Easter, Bobby Avila, Al Rosen, Early Wynn, Bob Lemon, and Mike Garcia continued to contend through the early 1950s. However, Cleveland only won a single pennant in the decade, finishing second to the New York Yankees five times.
The best season in franchise history came in 1954, when the Indians finished the season with a record of 111-43 (.721). That mark set an American League record for wins which stood for 44 years until the New York Yankees won 114 games in 1998. The Indians 1954 winning percentage of .721 is still an American League record. The Indians returned to the World Series to face the New York Giants. The team could not bring home the title, however, ultimately being upset by the Giants in a sweep. The series was notable for Willie Mays' famous over-the-shoulder catch off the bat of Vic Wertz in Game 1.
1960–1993: The 30-year slump
From 1960 to 1993, the Indians managed one third-place finish (in 1968) and six fourth-place finishes (in 1960, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1990, and 1992) but spent the rest of the time at or near the bottom of the standings.
Frank Lane becomes General Manager
The Indians hired general manager Frank Lane, known as "Trader" Lane, away from the St. Louis Cardinals in 1957. Lane had gained a reputation as a GM who loved to make deals over the years. With the White Sox, Lane made over 100 trades involving over 400 players in seven years.[42] In a short stint in St. Louis, he traded away Red Schoendienst and Harvey Haddix.[42] Lane summed up his philosophy when he said that the only deals he regretted were the ones that he didn't make.[43]
One of Lane's early trades in Cleveland was to send Roger Maris to the Kansas City Athletics in the middle of 1958. Indians executive Hank Greenberg was not happy about the trade[44] and neither was Maris, who said that he could not stand Lane.[44] After Maris broke Babe Ruth's home run record, Lane defended himself by saying he still would have done the deal because Maris was unknown and he received good ballplayers in exchange.[44]
After the Maris trade, Lane acquired 25-year old Norm Cash from the White Sox for Minnie Miñoso and then traded him to Detroit before he ever played a game for the Indians; Cash went on to hit over 350 home runs for the Tigers. The Indians received Steve Demeter in the deal, who would have only five at-bats for Cleveland.[45]
The Curse of Rocky Colavito
In 1960, Lane made the trade that would define his tenure in Cleveland when he dealt slugging right fielder and fan favorite[46] Rocky Colavito to the Detroit Tigers for Harvey Kuenn just before Opening Day in 1960. It was a blockbuster trade that swapped the 1959 AL home run co-champion (Colavito) for the AL batting champion (Kuenn). After the trade, however, Colavito hit over 30 home runs four times and made three All-Star teams for Detroit and Kansas City before returning to Cleveland in 1965. Kuenn, on the other hand, would play only one season for the Indians before departing for San Francisco in a trade for an aging Johnny Antonelli and Willie Kirkland. Then Akron Beacon Journal columnist Terry Pluto documented the decades of woe that followed the trade in his book The Curse of Rocky Colavito.[47] Despite being attached to the curse, Colavito said that he never placed a curse on the Indians but that the trade was prompted by a salary dispute with Lane.[48]
Lane also engineered a unique trade of managers in mid-season 1960, sending Joe Gordon to the Tigers in exchange for Jimmy Dykes. Lane left the team in 1961, but ill-advised trades continued. In 1965, the Indians traded pitcher Tommy John, who would go on to win 288 games in his career, and 1966 Rookie of the Year Tommy Agee to the White Sox to get Colavito back.[48] Lou Piniella, the 1969 Rookie of the Year and Luis Tiant, who was selected to two All-Star Games after leaving, both left. At one point, Cleveland even traded Harry Chiti to the New York Mets, only to receive him back as the player to be named later after 15 days.
The 1970s were little better, with the Indians trading away several future stars, including Graig Nettles, Dennis Eckersley, Buddy Bell and 1971 Rookie of the Year Chris Chambliss,[49] for a number of players who made no impact.[50]
Constant ownership changes did not help the Indians. In 1963, Daley's syndicate sold the team to a group headed by general manager Gabe Paul.[7] Three years later, Paul sold the Indians to Vernon Stouffer,[51] of the Stouffer's frozen-food empire. Prior to Stouffer's purchase, the team was rumored to be relocated due to poor attendance. Despite the potential for a financially strong owner, Stouffer had some non-baseball related financial setbacks and, consequently, the team was cash-poor. In order to solve some financial problems, Stouffer had made an agreement to play a minimum of 30 home games in New Orleans with a view to a possible move there.[52] After rejecting an offer from George Steinbrenner and former Indian Al Rosen, Stouffer sold the team in 1972 to a group led by Cleveland Cavaliers and Cleveland Barons owner Nick Mileti.[52] Steinbrenner went on to buy the New York Yankees in 1973.[53]
Only five years later, Mileti's group sold the team for $11 million to a syndicate headed by trucking magnate Steve O'Neill and including former general manager and owner Gabe Paul.[54] O'Neill's death in 1983 led to the team going on the market once more. His son, Patrick O'Neill, did not find a buyer until real estate magnates Richard and David Jacobs purchased the team in 1986.
The team was unable to move out of the cellar, with losing seasons between 1969 and 1975. One highlight was the acquisition of Gaylord Perry in 1972. The Indians traded fireballer "Sudden Sam" McDowell for Perry, who became the first Indian pitcher to win the Cy Young Award. In 1975, Cleveland broke another color barrier with the hiring of Frank Robinson as Major League Baseball's first African American manager. Robinson served as player-manager and would provide a franchise highlight when he hit a pinch hit home run on Opening Day. But the high profile signing of Wayne Garland, a 20-game winner in Baltimore, proved to be a disaster after Garland suffered from shoulder problems and went 28–48 over five years.[55] The team failed to improve with Robinson as manager and he was fired in 1977. In 1977, pitcher Dennis Eckersley threw a no-hitter against the California Angels. The next season, he would be dealt to the Boston Red Sox where he won 20 games in 1978 and another 17 in 1979.
The 1970s also featured the infamous Ten Cent Beer Night at Cleveland Municipal Stadium. The ill-conceived promotion at a 1974 game against the Texas Rangers ended in a riot by fans and a forfeit by the Indians.[56]
There were more bright spots in the 1980s. In May 1981, Len Barker threw a perfect game against the Toronto Blue Jays, joining Addie Joss as the only other Indian pitcher to do so.[57] "Super Joe" Charbonneau won the American League Rookie of the Year award. Unfortunately, Charboneau was out of baseball by 1983 after falling victim to back injuries[58] and Barker, who was also hampered by injuries, never became a consistently dominant starting pitcher.[57]
Eventually, the Indians traded Barker to the Atlanta Braves for Brett Butler and Brook Jacoby,[57] who would become mainstays of the team for the remainder of the decade. Butler and Jacoby were joined by Joe Carter, Mel Hall, Julio Franco and Cory Snyder, which brought new hope to fans in the late 1980s.[59]
After a rare winning season in 1986, Sports Illustrated, with Carter and Snyder pictured on the cover, boldly predicted the Indians to win the American League East in 1987. Instead, the team went on to lose 101 games and finish with the worst record in baseball, a fate attributed to the Sports Illustrated cover jinx.[60]
Cleveland's struggles over the 30-year span were highlighted in the 1989 film Major League, which comically depicted a hapless Cleveland ball club going from worst to first by the end of the film.
Organizational turnaround
Throughout the 1980s, Indians owners had pushed for a new stadium. Cleveland Stadium had been a symbol of the Indians' glory years in the 1940s and 1950s. However, during the lean years even crowds of 40,000 were swallowed up by the cavernous environment. The old stadium was not aging gracefully; chunks of concrete were falling off in sections and the old wooden pilings now petrified.[61] In 1984, a proposal for a $150 million domed stadium was defeated in a referendum 2–1.[62]
Finally, in May 1990, Cuyahoga County voters passed an excise tax on sales of alcohol and cigarettes in the county. The tax proceeds would be used to finance the building of the Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex which would include Jacobs Field and Gund Arena for the Cleveland Cavaliers basketball team.[63] The team had new ownership and a new stadium on the way. They now needed a winning team.
The team's fortunes started to turn in 1989, ironically with a very unpopular trade. The team sent power-hitting outfielder Joe Carter to the San Diego Padres for two unproven players, Sandy Alomar, Jr. and Carlos Baerga. Alomar made an immediate impact, not only being elected to the All-Star team but also winning Cleveland's fourth Rookie of the Year award and a Gold Glove. Baerga would become a three-time All-Star with consistent offensive production.
Indians general manager John Hart made a number of moves that would finally bring success to the team. In 1991, he hired former Indian Mike Hargrove to manage and traded catcher Eddie Taubensee to the Houston Astros who, with a surplus of outfielders, were willing to part with Kenny Lofton. Lofton finished second in AL Rookie of the Year balloting with a .285 average and 66 stolen bases.
The Indians were named "Organization of the Year" by Baseball America[64] in 1992, in response to the appearance of offensive bright spots and an improving farm system.
The team suffered a tragedy during spring training of 1993, when a boat carrying pitchers Steve Olin, Tim Crews, and Bob Ojeda crashed into a pier. Olin and Crews were killed, and Ojeda was seriously injured. (Ojeda missed most of the season, and would retire the following year).[65]
By the end of the 1993 season, the team was in transition, leaving Cleveland Stadium and fielding a talented nucleus of young players. Many of those players came from the Indians' new AAA farm team, the Charlotte Knights, who won the International League title that year.
1994–2000: A new beginning
Indians General Manager John Hart and team owner Richard Jacobs managed to turn the team's fortunes around. The Indians opened Jacobs Field in 1994 with the aim of improving on the prior season's sixth-place finish. The Indians were only one game behind the division-leading Chicago White Sox on August 12 when a players strike wiped out the rest of the season. The strike also led to an absurdity: The Minnesota Twins traded Dave Winfield to the Cleveland Indians for a player to be named later just before the season was officially canceled, so no player was named. To settle the deal, the executives of the teams went out to dinner, and Cleveland picked up the tab, meaning that the future Hall-of-Famer had been dealt for dinner.[66]
1995 season: A first since 1954
Having contended for the division in the aborted 1994 season, Cleveland sprinted to a 100–44 record (18 games were lost to player/owner negotiations) in 1995 winning its first ever divisional title. Veterans Dennis Martinez, Orel Hershiser and Eddie Murray combined with a young core of players including Albert Belle, Jim Thome, Manny Ramírez and Charles Nagy to lead the league in team batting average as well as team ERA.
After defeating the Boston Red Sox in the Division Series and the Seattle Mariners in the ALCS, Cleveland clinched a World Series berth, for the first time since 1954. The World Series ended in disappointment with the Indians falling in six games to the Atlanta Braves. The Indians repeated as AL Central champions in 1996, but lost to the Baltimore Orioles in the Division Series. Notably in 1996, tickets for every home game for the Indians sold out before opening day.
1997 season: One out away
In 1997 Cleveland started slow but finished with an 86–75 record. Taking their third consecutive AL Central title, the Indians defeated the heavily-favored New York Yankees in the Division Series, 3–2. After defeating the Baltimore Orioles in the ALCS, Cleveland went on to face the Florida Marlins in the World Series which featured the coldest game in World Series history. With the series tied after game six, the Indians went into the ninth inning of Game 7 with a 2–1 lead, but closer Jose Mesa allowed the Marlins to tie the game. In the eleventh inning, Edgar Rentería drove in the winning run giving the Marlins their first championship.
Cleveland became the first team to lose the World Series after carrying the lead into the bottom of the ninth inning of the seventh game. In his 2002 autobiography, Indians shortstop Omar Vizquel blamed Jose Mesa for the loss, which led to a feud between the players.[67]
1998–2000
In 1998, the Indians made the playoffs for the fourth straight year. After defeating the wild-card Boston Red Sox three games to one in the first round of the playoffs, Cleveland lost the 1998 ALCS in six games to the New York Yankees, who had come into the playoffs with 114 wins in the regular season.[68]
For the 1999 season, Cleveland added relief pitcher Ricardo Rincón and Roberto Alomar, brother of catcher Sandy Alomar,[69] and won the Central Division title for its fifth consecutive playoff appearance. The team scored 1,009 runs, becoming the first (and to date only) team since the 1950 Boston Red Sox to score more than 1,000 runs in a season. This time, Cleveland did not make it past the first round, losing the Division Series to the Red Sox, despite taking a two-games-to-none lead in the series. In game three, Indians starter Dave Burba went down with an injury in the 4th inning.[70] Four pitchers, including presumed game four starter Jaret Wright, surrendered nine runs in relief. Without a long reliever or emergency starter on the playoff roster, Hargrove started both Bartolo Colón and Charles Nagy in games four and five on only three days rest.[70] The Indians lost game four 23–7 and game five 12–8.[71] Four days later, Hargrove was dismissed as manager.[72]
In 2000, the Indians had a 44–42 start, but caught fire after the All Star break and went 46–30 the rest of the way to finish 90–72. The team had one of the league's best offenses that year and a defense that yielded three gold gloves. However, they ended up five games behind the Chicago White Sox in the Central division and missed the wild card by one game to the Seattle Mariners. Mid-season trades brought Bob Wickman and Jake Westbrook to Cleveland, and free agent Manny Ramírez departed for Boston after the season.
The Indians set a Major League record for most pitchers used in a single season. Colon, Burba, and Chuck Finley posted strong seasons, and the bullpen was solid. But with Jaret Wright and Charles Nagy spending months on the disabled list, the team could not solidify the final two spots in the rotation. Other starting pitchers that season combined for a total of 346⅔ innings and 265 earned runs for an ERA of 6.88.
In 2000, Larry Dolan bought the Indians for $320 million from Richard Jacobs, who, along with his late brother David, had paid $45 million for the club in 1986. The sale set a record at the time for the sale of a baseball franchise.[73]
2001–present: The Shapiro years
2001 saw a return to the playoffs. After the departures of Manny Ramírez and Sandy Alomar, Jr., the Indians signed former MVP Juan González, who helped the Indians win the Central division with a 91–71 record.
One of the highlights of the season came on August 5, when the Indians matched the 1911 Detroit Tigers and the 1925 Philadelphia Athletics for the largest come-from-behind win in Major League Baseball history.[74] Cleveland rallied to overcome a 14–2 sixth inning deficit to defeat the Seattle Mariners 15–14 in 11 innings. The Mariners, who won a record 116 games that season, had a strong bullpen, and Indians manager Charlie Manuel had already pulled many of his starters with the game seemingly out of reach.
Seattle and Cleveland met in the first round of the playoffs, with the Indians taking a two-games-to-one lead. However, with Freddy Garcia, Jamie Moyer and a strong bullpen, the Mariners won Games 4 and 5 to deny the Indians their first playoff series victory since 1998.
In the 2001 offseason, GM John Hart resigned and his assistant Mark Shapiro took the reins. Shapiro moved to rebuild by dealing aging veterans for younger talent. He traded Roberto Alomar to the New York Mets for a package that included outfielder Matt Lawton and prospects Alex Escobar and Billy Traber. When the team fell out of contention in mid-2002, Shapiro fired manager Charlie Manuel and traded pitching ace Bartolo Colón for prospects Brandon Phillips, Cliff Lee, and Grady Sizemore; acquired Travis Hafner from the Rangers for Ryan Drese and Einar Diaz; and picked up Coco Crisp from the St. Louis Cardinals for aging starter Chuck Finley. Jim Thome left after the season, going to the Phillies for a larger contract.
Young Indians teams finished far out of contention in 2002 and 2003 under new manager Eric Wedge. They posted strong offensive numbers in 2004, but continued to struggle with a bullpen that blew more than 20 saves. A highlight of the season was a 22–0 victory over the New York Yankees on August 31, one of the worst defeats suffered by the Yankees in team history.[75]
In early 2005, the offense got off to a poor start. After a brief July slump, the Indians caught fire in August, and cut a 15.5 game deficit in the Central Division down to 1.5 games. However, the season came to a end as the Indians went on to lose six of their last seven games, five of them by one run, missing the playoffs by only two games. The next season, the club made several roster changes, while retaining its nucleus of young players. The off-season was highlighted by the acquisition of top prospect Andy Marté from the Boston Red Sox. The Indians had a solid offensive season, led by career years from Travis Hafner and Grady Sizemore. Hafner, despite missing the last month of the season, tied the single season grand slam record of six, which was set in 1987 by Don Mattingly.[76] Despite the solid offensive performance, the bullpen struggled with 23 blown saves (a Major League worst), and the Indians finished a disappointing fourth.[77]
In 2007, Shapiro signed veteran help for the bullpen and outfield in the offseason. Veterans Aaron Fultz, and Joe Borowski joined Rafael Betancourt in the Indians bullpen.[78] Shapiro also signed right fielder Trot Nixon and left fielder David Dellucci to short-term contracts for veteran leadership.[78] The Indians improved significantly over the prior year and went into the All-Star break in second place. The team brought back Kenny Lofton for his third stint with the team in late July.[79] The Indians finished with a 96–66 record tied with the Red Sox for best in baseball, their seventh Central Division title in 13 years and their first post-season trip since 2001.[80]
The Indians began their playoff run by defeating the New York Yankees in the American League Division Series three games to one. This series will be most remembered for the swarm of bugs that overtook the field in the later innings of game 2. They also jumped out to a three-games-to-one lead over the Red Sox in the American League Championship Series. The season ended in disappointment when Boston swept the final three games to advance to the 2007 World Series.[80]
Despite the loss, Cleveland players took home a number of awards. Grady Sizemore, who had a .995 fielding percentage and only two errors in 405 chances, won the Gold Glove award, Cleveland's first since 2001.[81] Indians Pitcher CC Sabathia won the second Cy Young Award in team history with a 19–7 record, a 3.21 ERA and an MLB-leading 241 innings pitched.[82] Eric Wedge was awarded the first Manager of the Year Award in team history.[83]
The Indians struggled during the 2008 season. Injuries to sluggers Travis Hafner and Victor Martinez, as well as starting pitchers Jake Westbrook and Fausto Carmona led to a poor start.[84] The Indians, falling to last place for a short time in June and July, traded CC Sabathia to the Milwaukee Brewers.[85] However, amid the mediocrity, some key players, such as shortstop Jhonny Peralta and catcher Kelly Shoppach, who took over starting duties after Martinez was injured, began to shine. Pitcher Cliff Lee went 22-3 with an ERA of 2.54 and earned the AL Cy Young Award.[86] Grady Sizemore had a career year, winning a Gold Glove and Silver Slugger,[87] and the Indians finished with a record of 81-81.
The team announced on September 30, 2009, that Eric Wedge and all of the team's coaching staff would be released at the end of the 2009 season.[88] Manny Acta was hired as the team's 40th manager on October 25, 2009.[89]
On February 18, 2010, it was announced that Shapiro (following the end of the 2010 season) will be promoted to team President, with current President Paul Dolan becoming the new Chairman/CEO, and longtime Shapiro assistant Chris Antonetti filling the GM role.[90]
Season-by-season results
Uniforms
- See also: Major League Baseball#MLB uniforms (including image of baseball-cap logos of the 30 MLB franchises)
The Indians' home uniform is white with navy piping around the neck and down either side of the buttons on the front of the jersey; the navy piping is also located around each sleeve. Across the front of the jersey in script font is the word "Indians" in red with a navy and white outline. The jersey has the Chief Wahoo logo on the left sleeve. The home cap is navy with a red bill and features the Chief Wahoo logo on the front.
The road uniform is gray with identical piping to the home jersey. The word "Cleveland" in red script font is placed on the front of the jersey, also with a blue and white outline. Like the home uniform, the Chief Wahoo logo is located on the left sleeve. The road cap is entirely navy with the Chief Wahoo logo on the front.
The alternate home uniform is cream colored with "Indians" across the front in red block lettering with a dark navy outline. The Chief Wahoo logo is located on the left sleeve. This jersey is the only Indians jersey to not have the players' names on the back. The alternate home cap is dark navy with a red block "C" on the front. This uniform is worn during weekend and holiday home games.
The alternate road jersey is blue with white piping around the neck and down either side of the buttons on the front of the jersey; the white piping is also located around each sleeve. Script "Indians" is located across the front of the jersey in the same fashion as the home uniform; the Chief Wahoo logo is on the left sleeve. The alternate road cap is navy with a script "I" on the front. The blue jersey is also worn during Tuesday home games with the standard home cap.
Fan support
Sellout streak
Between June 12, 1995 and April 4, 2001, the Indians sold out 455 consecutive home games, drawing a total of 19,324,248 fans to Jacobs Field. The demand for tickets was so great that all 81 home games were sold out before Opening Day on at least three separate occasions. The sellout streak set a Major League Baseball record which was broken by the Boston Red Sox on September 8, 2008.[91] The team's success during the late 1990s would even lead comedian and Cleveland native Drew Carey to quip, "Finally it's your team that sucks!"[20] The Indians honored their loyal fans by retiring the number 455.
Nickname and logo controversy
The club nickname and its cartoon logo have been criticized for perpetuating Indian stereotypes. In 1997, during the team's most recent World Series appearance, three Native protesters were arrested, but later acquitted.[92]
In recent seasons, the Indians have begun featuring different hats without the Chief Wahoo logo in an effort to distance themselves from the controversy while still not completely abandoning Chief Wahoo.
Radio and television
The Indians' flagship radio station is WTAM,[93] a news/talk station located at 1100 AM. Tom Hamilton and Mike Hegan are the primary radio announcers,[94] with Jim Rosenhaus (pregame host, producer/engineer) also calling an inning of each game (as well as filling in for Hamilton and Hegan when they take time off). Select games can be heard on hot talk/rock station WMMS 100.7 FM when there is a conflict with Cleveland Cavaliers basketball games, which also air on WTAM. If the Cavaliers are in the playoffs, all conflicted Indians games go to WMMS.
The television rights are held by SportsTime Ohio (STO), a network launched in 2006 by the Indians. Matt Underwood and Rick Manning form the announcing team,[94] with Al Pawlowski as the pregame and postgame host, and update anchor during the game. Palowski also calls about 10-12 games per year to allow Underwood or Manning to take time off, and WKYC weekend sports anchor Dave Chudowsky then fills Palowski's role. Twenty games a year are shown on over the air TV, originating on NBC affiliate WKYC Channel 3, (STO will also air the WKYC games via simulcast). Broadcast games are also carried on WWHO 53, Columbus; WLIO 35 Lima; WICU-TV 12 (or WSEE-TV 35) Erie, PA; MY-YTV (WYTV-DT) 33.2, Youngstown; and BCSN Toledo.
Past Indians broadcasters include Tom Manning, Jack Graney (the first ex-baseball player to become a play-by-play announcer), Jack Corrigan (now with the Colorado Rockies), Jimmy Dudley who received the Ford Frick Award in 1997, Ken Coleman, Joe Castiglione, Van Patrick, Joe Tait, Bruce Drennan, Jim "Mudcat" Grant, Harry Jones, Rocky Colavito and Herb Score, who called Indians' baseball for 34 seasons.[95]
Baseball Hall of Famers
| Cleveland Indians Hall of Famers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ford C. Frick Award recipients
| Cleveland Indians Ford C. Frick Award recipients | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum | |||||||||
|
Retired numbers
 The Fans Retired 2001 |
 Bob Feller SP, Coach Retired 1957 |
 Earl Averill CF Retired 1975 |
 Larry Doby CF, Coach Retired 1994 |
 Bob Lemon 3B, SP, Coach Retired 1998 |
 Lou Boudreau SS, M Retired 1970 |
 Mel Harder SP, Coach Retired 1990 |
 Jackie Robinson 2B Retired 1997 |
Jackie Robinson's number 42 is retired throughout Major League Baseball.
The number 455 was honored after the Indians sold out 455 consecutive games between 1995 and 2001, which was an MLB record until it was surpassed by the Boston Red Sox on September 8, 2008.
Current roster
| 40-man roster | Spring Training non-roster invitees |
Coaches/Other | |||||||
|
Pitchers
|
Catchers
Infielders
Outfielders
Designated hitters
|
Pitchers
Catchers
Infielders
|
Manager
Coaches
60-day disabled list
* Not on active roster |
||||||
Minor league affiliations
| Level | Team | League | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| AAA | Columbus Clippers | International League | Columbus, OH |
| AA | Akron Aeros | Eastern League | Akron, OH |
| Advanced A | Kinston Indians | Carolina League | Kinston, NC |
| A | Lake County Captains | Midwest League | Eastlake, OH |
| Short Season A | Mahoning Valley Scrappers | New York-Penn League | Niles, OH |
| Rookie | AZL Indians | Arizona League | Goodyear, AZ |
| DSL Indians | Dominican Summer League | Dominican Republic |
Franchise records
Season records
- Highest Batting Average: .408, Joe Jackson (1911)
- Most Games: 163, Leon Wagner (1964)
- Most Runs: 140, Earl Averill (1930)
- Highest Slugging %: .714, Albert Belle (1994)
- Most Doubles: 64, George Burns (1926)
- Most Triples: 26, Joe Jackson (1912)
- Most Home Runs: 52, Jim Thome (2002)
- Most RBIs: 165, Manny Ramirez (1999)
- Most Stolen Bases: 75, Kenny Lofton (1996)
- Most Wins: 31, Jim Bagby, Sr. (1920)
- Lowest ERA: 1.16, Addie Joss (1908)
- Strikeouts: 348, Bob Feller (1946)
- Complete Games: 36, Bob Feller (1946)
- Saves: 46, Jose Mesa (1995)
See also
- Cleveland Indians award winners and league leaders
- Cleveland Indians managers and ownership
- Cleveland Indians seasons
- Cleveland Indians team records
- List of sports team names and mascots derived from indigenous peoples
- Native American mascot controversy
References
- ↑ "Indians a step closer to taking Spring Training to Arizona". WKYC News. http://www.wkyc.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=68744. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
- ↑ "The 1872 Cleveland Forest Citys". retrosheet.org. http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1872/TCL101872.htm.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2001). Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 9. ISBN 1582613761. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&.
- ↑ Hittner, Arthur (2003). Honus Wagner: The Life of Baseball's Flying Dutchman. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0786418117.
- ↑ Bob Diskin, Special to ESPN.com, A pitcher worthy of a trophy
- ↑ Kirk Kenney, San Diego Union Tribune, Baseball's moving experience, June 20, 2005
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Purdy, Dennis (2006). The Team-by-Team Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball. New York City: Workman. ISBN 0761139435.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2001). Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 11. ISBN 1582613761. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2001). Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 12–13. ISBN 1582613761. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&.
- ↑ Seymour, Harold (1960). Baseball. Oxford University Press, US. pp. 214–215. ISBN 0195001001. http://books.google.com/books?id=zQO-WWL1v1AC&.
- ↑ "1908 American League Standings". Baseball-reference.com. http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL_1908.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2001). Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 319. ISBN 1582613761. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2001). Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 413. ISBN 1582613761. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&.
- ↑ "Obituary, Pitcher Joss Dead: Ill Only Few Days" (PDF). New York Times. April 15, 1911. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9B03E6DD1031E233A25756C1A9629C946096D6CF&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
- ↑ Fleitz, David L. (2001). Shoeless: The Life and Times of Joe Jackson. McFarland. pp. 40. ISBN 0786409789. http://books.google.com/books?id=paqizfFVogIC&dq=.
- ↑ "1914 American League Standings". Baseball-reference.com. http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL_1914.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- ↑ "1915 American League Standings". Baseball-reference.com. http://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/AL_1915.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2001). Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 321. ISBN 1582613761. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2001). Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 23. ISBN 1582613761. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Pluto, Terry. Our Tribe: A Baseball Memoir. Simon & Schuster. pp. 214–215. ISBN 0-684-84505-9. http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Cleveland%20Indians.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lewis, Franklin (2006). The Cleveland Indians. Kent State University Press reprint from Putnam. pp. 76–77. ISBN 9780873388856.
- ↑ Ratajczak, Kenneth (2008). The Wrong Man Out. AuthorHouse. pp. 76–77. ISBN 1434356787. http://books.google.com/books?id=h9URNmfOwFIC&pg=PA27&dq=.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2001). Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 23–24. ISBN 1582613761. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&.
- ↑ Ward, Geoffrey C.; Burns, Ken (1996). Baseball: An Illustrated History. Knopf. pp. 153. ISBN 0-679-76541-7.
- ↑ Report of Chapman's Death, New York Times, 8/18/1920
- ↑ "Standings - Monday, Aug 16, 1920". Baseball-Reference.com. http://www.baseball-reference.com/games/standings.cgi?date=1920-08-16.
- ↑ Berkow, Ira (1989-10-13). "SPORTS OF THE TIMES; When Sewell Replaced Ray Chapman". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEED61F31F930A25753C1A96F948260. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- ↑ "CLE 1920 Cleveland Indians Schedule". Baseball Almanac. http://www.baseball-almanac.com/teamstats/schedule.php?y=1920&t=CLE. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ↑ "1920 Chicago White Sox Schedule". Baseball Almanac. http://www.baseball-almanac.com/teamstats/schedule.php?y=1920&t=CHA. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ↑ C. Phillip Francis. "The Cleveland Crybabies". Chatter from the Dugout. http://www.chatterfromthedugout.com/cleveland_crybabies.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- ↑ DeMaio Brewer, Lisa (2000-06-21). "A National Treasure Calls Wilkes "Home"". The Record of Wilkes, N.C.. http://www.therecordofwilkes.com/rec20000621/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- ↑ Housh, Leighton (04-04-1965). "Hal Trosky, Norway, 1965". Des Moines Register. http://www.desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19650404/SPORTS11/50710015. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2001). Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 52. ISBN 1582613761. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2001). Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 56, 346. ISBN 1582613761. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&.
- ↑ Boxerman, Burton Alan; Benita W. Boxerman (2003). Ebbets to Veeck to Busch: Eight Owners Who Shaped Baseball. McFarland. pp. 128. ISBN 0786415622. http://books.google.com/books?id=YBdRu_j0kcIC&pg=PA128&dq=.
- ↑ "Baseball's Clown Prince Dies". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1999/10/30/archive/main68511.shtml. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 Borsvold, David (2003). The Cleveland Indians: Cleveland Press Years, 1920–1982. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0738523259. http://books.google.com/books?id=v0hgrNuScVMC&pg=PA37&dq=.
- ↑ "League Park may glisten once again". Cleveland Indians.com. http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070806&content_id=2133242&vkey=cle_gameface&fext=.jsp&c_id=cle. Retrieved 2008-06-28.
- ↑ "Satchel Paige 1948 Statistics". Baseball-reference.com. http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CLE/1948.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-28.
- ↑ "The Kid from Cleveland". IMDB.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041545/. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ↑ Ribowsky, Mark (2000). Don't Look Back: Satchel Paige in the Shadows of Baseball. De Capo Press. pp. 286. ISBN 030680963X. http://books.google.com/books?id=LT2pirW9nSYC&pg=RA1-PA286&dq=.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Eisenbath, Mike; Stan Musial (1999). The Cardinals Encyclopedia. Temple University Press. ISBN 1566397030. http://books.google.com/books?id=hymGG28xYcoC&pg=PA410&lpg=PA410&dq=.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2002). Tales from the Tribe Dugout. Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 1582613036. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZCNvizFvLy0C&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=.
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Rosenfeld, Harvey (2002). Still a Legend: The Story of Roger Maris. iUniverse. ISBN 059524615X. http://books.google.com/books?id=LIQLHXQrAssC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=.
- ↑ Dow, Bill (September 2001). "Former Tiger Norm Cash". Baseball Digest. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FCI/is_9_60/ai_76928886. Retrieved 2006-08-11.
- ↑ Borsvold, David (1960). The Cleveland Indians: Cleveland Press Years, 1920–1982. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 81. ISBN 0738523259. http://books.google.com/books?id=v0hgrNuScVMC&pg=PA81&dq=%2B%22colavito%22+%2Bfan+%2Bfavorite&sig=o2lroEmq6QAgSYfTNmI777LvIQY.
- ↑ Gietschier, Steve (1994-09-25). "The Curse of Rocky Colavito: A Loving Look at a Thirty-Year Slump. - book reviews". The Sporting News. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1208/is_n17_v217/ai_15355261. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Grossfeld, Stan (2007-10-12). "Colavito Always Straight Shooter". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2007/10/12/colavito_always_straight_shooter/. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
- ↑ Riess, Steven (2006). Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball Clubs: Volume 1. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 1067. ISBN 0313329931. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZCcJVZyl5oYC.
- ↑ "The 10-best Yankee Trades of All Time". ESPN.com. 2004-03-01. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=list/bestyankeetrades.
- ↑ Murray Chass (1991-07-02). "BASEBALL; Demise and Pall Of the Indians". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3D91130F931A35754C0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Ron Fimrite (1972-05-29). "Circle The Wagons, Indian Uprising!". Sports Illustrated. http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1086136/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2001). Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia. Sports Publishing LLC. pp. 352. ISBN 1582613761. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&.
- ↑ Richard Goldstein (1998-04-28). "Gabe Paul, Ex-Yankee Official, Dies at 88". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E5DC1F3FF93BA15757C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
- ↑ Schneider, Russell (2005). More Tales From the Tribe Dugout. Sports Publishing, LLC. ISBN 1582616809. http://books.google.com/books?id=2UHG0hiDunkC&.
- ↑ Jackson, Paul (2008-06-04). "The night beer and violence bubbled over in Cleveland". http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=beernight/080604&sportCat=mlb. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Anthony Castrovince (2006-05-15). "Barker's special night remains vivid". MLB.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060514&content_id=1453617&vkey=news_cle&fext=.jsp&c_id=cle. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
- ↑ Stephen Ripley (2007-07-08). "Missing in Action". Winnipeg Sun. http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Golf/News/2007/07/08/4323392-sun.html. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
- ↑ Ron Fimrite (1987-04-06). "Pow! Wow!". Sports Illustrated. http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1065788/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
- ↑ Bradley, Mickey; Dan Gordon (2007). Haunted Baseball: Ghosts, Curses, Legends, and Eerie Events. Globe Pequot. pp. 248–249. ISBN 1599210223. http://books.google.com/books?id=sIft7HSlDUEC.
- ↑ Jon Morgan (1995-12-17). "Inside the Browns deal". Baltimore Sun, reprinted by the Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/bal-modell121795,1,3690562.story?page=1. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
- ↑ "Tax Rise and Domed Stadium Are Voted Down in Cleveland". Associated Press, reprinted at the New York Times. 05-10-1984. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E0DE1E38F933A25756C0A962948260. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
- ↑ Jennifer Stoffel (1990-06-13). "New Sports Complex for Cleveland". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2DC1F31F930A25755C0A966958260. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
- ↑ "The Official Site of The Cleveland Indians: History: Indians History". Major League Baseball, Cleveland Indians. http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/cle/history/cle_history_overview.jsp?story=5. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ↑ Jayson Stark (2003-03-21). "Ten years later, the pain is still there". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1527339&type=columnist. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
- ↑ Tom, Keegan (1994-09-11). "Owners try on global thinking cap". The Baltimore Sun. p. 2C.
- ↑ Jayson Stark (2003-03-11). "Ten years later, the pain is still there". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1521918&type=columnist. Retrieved 200-02-17.
- ↑ "No work Yankees". Sports Illustrated. 1998-10-15. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/baseball/mlb/1998/postseason/news/1998/10/14/series_yankees/. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ↑ Newhan, Ros (1998-11-29). "Early Returns Favor Braves". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1998/nov/29/sports/sp-48911. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 Lapointe, Joe (1999-10-10). "1999 PLAYOFFS: DIVISION SERIES; Red Sox Find Answers, Raising More Questions". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E6D91F31F933A25753C1A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ↑ "Red Sox headed to ALCS after beating Cleveland 12-8". CNNSI.com. 1999-10-12. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/baseball/mlb/1999/postseason/division_series/al_div2/news/1999/10/11/redsox_indians_ap/. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ↑ John Snyder (2008). Indians Journal. Menasha Ridge Press. ISBN 1578603080. http://books.google.com/books?id=9jkqN0qu-fcC&pg=PA501&lpg=PA501&dq.
- ↑ "Cleveland Indians sold to Dolan". CBS Marketwatch. 1999-11-04. http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/-cleveland-indians-sold-dolan/story.aspx?guid=%7B30D9D583-27E3-4DC4-88E4-46E59CB9252B%7D. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ↑ Hickey, John (August 6, 2001). "Indians' comeback one for the history books". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://www.seattlepi.com/baseball/34123_mari06.shtml. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ↑ "Vizquel's six hits tie AL record". ESPN. 2004-08-31. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId=240831110. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
- ↑ "BASEBALL; Hafner's 6th Grand Slam Ties Mattingly". New York Times. 2006-08-14. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F05E2DC173EF937A2575BC0A9609C8B63. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ↑ Ruddick, Chris (2007-03-27). "Cleveland Indians 2007 Preview". News Net 5. http://www.newsnet5.com/mlb031/11405274/detail.html. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 Castrovince, Anthony (2007-03-30). "Indians Opening Day outlook". MLB.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070328&content_id=1864413&vkey=news_cle&fext=.jsp&c_id=cle. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ↑ Crasnick, Jerry (2007-10-04). "Lofton keeps on ticking, delivers huge performance for Indians". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/playoffs2007/columns/story?columnist=crasnick_jerry&id=3049840. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 "Boston Red Sox vs. Cleveland Indians". Washington Post. 2007-10-12. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/11/AR2007101102506_pf.html. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ↑ Castrovince, Anthony (2007-11-06). "Sizemore earns first Gold Glove Award". MLB.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20071106&content_id=2293684&vkey=news_cle&fext=.jsp&c_id=cle. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ↑ "Sabathia only second Indians pitcher to win Cy Young". ESPN. 2007-11-14. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=3108321. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ↑ "Wedge, Melvin voted baseball's top managers". CBC Sports. 2007-11-14. http://www.cbc.ca/sports/baseball/story/2007/11/14/baseball-managers.html?ref=rss. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ↑ Antonen, Mel (2008-12-25). "Indians have closer in fold, but infield in flux". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/al/indians/2008-12-23-indiansreport_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ↑ Curry, Jack (2008-07-08). "Looking to Postseason, Brewers Trade for Sabathia". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/08/sports/baseball/08brewers.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/B/Baseball. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
- ↑ "Cleveland lefty Cliff Lee wins AL Cy Young Award". International Herald Tribune. 2009-11-13. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/13/sports/BBA-AL-Cy-Young.php?page=1. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ↑ Beck, Jason (2008-11-13). "Sizemore adds Silver Slugger to list". MLB.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20081113&content_id=3678011&vkey=news_cle&fext=.jsp&c_id=cle. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
- ↑ Castrovince, Anthony (2009-09-30). "Indians dismiss Wedge, coaching staff". Cleveland Indians. http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090930&content_id=7241814&vkey=news_cle&fext=.jsp&c_id=cle.
- ↑ Castrovince, Anthony (2009-10-25). "Tribe tabs Acta to be new manager". MLB.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20091025&content_id=7544218. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
- ↑ Hoynes, Paul (2010-02-19). "Cleveland Indians know what future holds, announce plan for changes in front office". The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio). http://www.cleveland.com/tribe/index.ssf/2010/02/cleveland_indians_know_what_fu.html. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
- ↑ "Red Sox fans break MLB record for most consecutive sellouts". MLB Advanced Media, L.P.. September 8, 2008. http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20080908&content_id=3440276&vkey=pr_bos&fext=.jsp&c_id=bos. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ↑ "Court TV Verdicts: Ohio v. Bellecourt". http://www.courttv.com/archive/verdicts/bellecourt.html. Retrieved 2008-09-10.
- ↑ "Radio Affiliates". Clevelandindians.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/cle/schedule/radio_affiliates.jsp. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
- ↑ 94.0 94.1 "Broadcaster". Clevelandindians.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/team/broadcasters.jsp?c_id=cle. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
- ↑ Bob Dolgan (2008-11-11). "Former Indians broadcaster Herb Score dies at age 75". Cleveland Plain Dealer. http://www.cleveland.com/tribe/index.ssf/2008/11/former_indians_broadcaster_her.html. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
External links
- Official site
- Cleveland Indians 1998 Annual Report, the last filed with the SEC
- Sports E-Cyclopedia
| Preceded by Cincinnati Reds 1919 |
World Series Champions Cleveland Indians 1920 |
Succeeded by New York Giants 1921 and 1922 |
| Preceded by New York Yankees 1947 |
World Series Champions Cleveland Indians 1948 |
Succeeded by New York Yankees 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 |
| Preceded by Chicago White Sox 1919 |
American League Champions Cleveland Indians 1920 |
Succeeded by New York Yankees 1921 and 1922 |
| Preceded by New York Yankees 1947 |
American League Champions Cleveland Indians 1948 |
Succeeded by New York Yankees 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 |
| Preceded by New York Yankees 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 |
American League Champions Cleveland Indians 1954 |
Succeeded by New York Yankees 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958 |
| Preceded by Toronto Blue Jays 1992 and 1993 |
American League Champions Cleveland Indians 1995 |
Succeeded by New York Yankees 1996 |
| Preceded by New York Yankees 1996 |
American League Champions Cleveland Indians 1997 |
Succeeded by New York Yankees 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 |
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